Monday, 30 September 2013

Textual Analysis

Eminem – without me - essay


The genre of the video ‘without me’ by Eminem, which was released on May 14th, 2002, is hip-hop and comedy hip-hop. It was directed by Joseph Khan, who looked at the characteristics of hip-hop and comedy and included them in the video. Some of these characteristics are: comics, tracksuits, women, funny sound effects, costumes, mansion – night life/money, tattoos, ‘bling’ jewellery, a man dressed as a woman, mimicking and others. All these are shown in the video and have a clear link to the video and the genre, through which they portray the comic side of the video.

There is a reference to the notion of looking as there are women in the video that are lying in bed with Eminem and they are on sexual display. When the camera is on the women, their moves are slow and sexual towards Eminem. This is known as voyeurism. Also, we can see Eminem looking at a phone, talking to someone, this is a screen within a screen. We then go into that image and it becomes bigger, as we get a split-screen of Eminem and the other male.

We can see that there is a strong relationship between the music and the visuals as the video cuts to the beat of the song. This is evident as the location changes on a specific beat of the song. Furthermore, when Eminem is rapping, there’s a close up of his face, which shows the link between him and his words, showing there is a link to the music and the visuals, hence why we can hear and see him rapping.
The video changes pace with the music, this is also evident when the chorus comes on as the artists that are in the car start to dance and the editing becomes faster and more violent and rapid, to suit the beat of the music.

The video is concept based as there is no actual story to it, it’s just clips put together to make a music video. This is a useful technique as it is easier to come up with a variety of comic scenes when there are many short clips, rather than when there is a narrative story.

From the video, we can see that the record company is trying to sell this track as a commercial rap due to the use of comedic theme used trough this video. They have presented the artist to be a powerful, white male rapper this is done through the use of low angle shots on him which display his strength. This is evident of Eminem being a powerful individual as he lives in a mansion. Eminem is presented as a comical rapper, mimicking and making parodies of other famous people e.g.: Michel Jackson in ‘Lose yourself’. His motifs are a constant creation of parodies and his appearance in white top and blonde hair. Close ups of Eminem are used, as they allow the audience to identify the artist and to see his emotions.

There are intertextual references to a TV show – Jeremy Kyle - this is acceptable due to the fact the video is a parody, where mimicking is the main theme.

There are further intertextual references to comics and avengers characters, which allow him to gain a wider audience.



Here is an essay on textual analysis. I chose Eminem as we covered him in class and he uses many textual references in his music videos.

Tuesday, 24 September 2013

Richard Dyer: Star theory

“Pop performer" and "pop star" have become interchangeable —  they are not the same thing.

Pop stars have an identity or persona which is not restricted solely to their musicianship. A true pop star does have a lasting significance, and has "brand awareness" amongst a wider market over a period of time.

A star's image becomes a readily recognised sign that is used in many different media forms. Stars can use the fact that their image has meaning by allowing it to be used for advertising purposes.

Stars as Constructions
Stars are constructed, artificial images
USP - they can be copied and/or parodied because of it

Ideology & culture
Stars represent shared cultural values and attitudes, and will promote a certain ideology. 
Audience interest in these values enhances their 'star quality’.
Conveying beliefs ideas and opinions outside music that help create their star persona.

Character and personality
A star begins as a "real" human, but the star transformation process turns them into a construct.
Stars provide audiences with a focus for ideas of 'what people are supposed to be like' (e.g. for women, thin/beautiful) - they may support hegemony by conforming to it (thin/beautiful) or providing difference (fat/still lovable).

Star image motifs
Star image motifs are a running theme for an artist. The aim is to help establish the artist as a brand.
Star image motifs could be recurring icons, images or fonts.

Development

Intro
Brief biographical detail
Details of relevant genres
Early star image
Image established in the earliest videos
Star image development
Character / performing?
Visual motifs are associated with them
How are they sold?
Are close- ups used throughout their work?
Hair, costume, props, other people used in videos to support image
How do camera and editing reinforce the image?
Give examples and consider why these features have been chosen
Wider cultural significance
Why is/ was this star popular at this particular time?
Do they fit into any cultural trends like ‘girl power’, etc.?
Conclusion
Sum up key points. Emphasise key ways the star has developed.


In today's lesson we covered star image and the star representation, as well as their development. It was an interesting topic to learn about as I can really see how this theory is accurate and can be applied to almost all music artists.

Friday, 20 September 2013

Basic narrative analysis

Video
Todorov
Propp
Levi-Strauss
Jay Z & Beyonce – Bonnie & Clyde
Equilibrium - they’re together and they’re happy.
Dis-equilibrium - They are indeed of money, steal and run away.
Recognition - Realise that they’ve done wrong and need to get away.
Reparation - Get chased by police.
New equilibrium - End up not getting caught and end up happy together, running away.
Hero: Jay z
Villain: the police
Princess: Beyonce
Father: Jay z
Donor/helper: Beyonce
Dispatcher: Gang
False hero: police
Good vs evil – police vs gang
Crime vs law
Escape vs capture
Cry me a river – Justin Timberlake
Equilibrium – happy together
Dis-equilibrium –she left him
Recognition – he wants to hurt her and get her back for hurting him
Reparation – he gets a prostitute to record a video with to make her jealous
New equilibrium – he’s happy she left him and that he got her back, realises he deserves better
Hero: Justin
Villain: his ex
Princess: revenge
Father: Justin
Donor/helper: Hoe
Dispatcher: pimp
False hero: hoe


Revenge vs  love
Men vs women
Present vs past
Chase and status – never let you go
Equilibrium – happy family, good job
Dis-equilibrium – cheats on wife, does drugs

Princess: Hoe’s
Father: pimp
Donor/helper: drug provider

Good vs bad
Law vs crime
Strange vs normal
Loyalty vs disloyalty
Status vs life

Thursday, 19 September 2013

Gender Theory

Laura Mulvey – Male Gaze (1975)
Voyeurism (looking at someone without them knowing – spying)
Women on screen for purposes of display
Spectators (regardless of gender) are encouraged to take on ‘male gaze’ – we as the audience have been  positioned to see the characters in a specific way
Male gaze – a powerful controlling gaze at the female on display, who is effectively objectified and passive

Textual Analysis Task:
Candy shop video
Camerawork
Low angle of 50 cent getting out of car – power
High angle over women dancing – no power
Close ups of women showing off their body
Long shots, low angle to show their body, to make them more sexual – the idea of being Goddess-like
50 cent centre of camera to show his dominance and power
Direct mode of address/eye contact with camera – intimidating/powerful
Low angle on 50 cent on top of balcony as though he owns them
Mise-en-scence
Playboy mansion
Wearing lingerie, nurse costume - caring, nurturing, latex, tight, shirt
Light to reflect body curves
Colour red to show lust
Paintings came to life – for decoration, objectified
Car shows power and wealth
Costume
Editing
Slowed down on women - seductive
Faster on 50 cent to show he’s not that important
Cross cutting
Post-feminism and the female gaze
A re-appraisal of feminist values
Does not strive for ‘equality’ as this assumes men are ‘the best’ – they wish to superpose male achievements
Objected to theories which position them as objects of the ‘male gaze’
Identities a female gaze women actively desiring men
Women began to assert their right to dress and be sexually attractive


Gender representation
Lady gaga telephone video
Camerawork 
High angles to show power
Close ups of face
Close up if legs
Mise-en-scence
Costume shows off body but not in a sexual way
Black and spikes not as seductive, quite scary and tough
Editing
Past pace editing – aggressive
Doesn’t linger on her body
Women are quite tough 

Laura Mulvey must be my favourite theorist so far. I genuinely love her theory and I'm so willing to challenge it! 

Wednesday, 18 September 2013

Narrative

Narratives are rarely complete often fragmentary
Tend to suggest storylines
Non-linear order (not cause and effect)
Desire to see them again
Narrative often divided between performance and conceptual clips

Time & narrative
Flashbacks
Real time
Reversal
Dream sequence
Repetition
Different characters POV
Ellipsis
Pre-figuring of events that have not yet taken place (foreshadowing)

Types of narrative
Linear
Non-linear
Circular
Parallel Narrative
Convergent Narrative
Interweaving Narrative 


Learning about different types of narrative was very useful and eye opening, as now, when watching music videos, I can look out for these.

Narrative theorists


Todorov

Five stages:
Cause and Effect
Invisible Editing
Story told in chronological order:
  Equilibrium
  Disequilibrium
  Recognition
  Reparation
  New equilibrium

Titanic:
Both happy Rose is engaged and Jack won his ticket to America.
Rose realises that she is unhappy with her fiancé and wants to be with Jack. Jack is lonely.
Rose and Jack realise they are perfect for each other and desire to be together.
Rose and Jack try to get together.
They get together but Jack dies.

Propp  

Character:
Hero: seeks something
Villain obstructs the hero
Princess: hero’s reward
Father: gives rewards
Donor: provides information and help
Helper: helps the hero
Dispatcher: send the hero on a quest
False hero

In Propp’s theory these characters types are established to increase understanding from the point of view of the audience.

Hero: Jack
Villain: Fiancé/Roses mum
Princess: Rose
Father:
Donor: Fat lady
Helper: Fat lady
Dispatcher: 
False hero:

Claude Levi-Strauss

Binary oppositions:
Good vs evil
Past vs present
Normal vs strange
Known vs unknown
Earth vs hell

We covered three important narrative theorists today. Similarly to Goodwin, these will be useful when creating our music video and to use as evidence in the exam.

Friday, 13 September 2013

Goodwin's Theory: Music Video Codes and Conventions



Textual Analysis
There should be a relationship between the lyrics and the visuals (with visuals either illustrating, amplifying of contradicting the lyrics
There should be a relationship between the music and the visuals (again with visuals either illustrating, amplifying or contradicting the music)
Particular music genres may have their own music video style and iconography (such as live stage performance in heavy rock)
There appear to be lots of close ups of the main artist/vocalist – this is usually demanded by the record company
The artist may develop their own star iconography

Some other points that are worth considering:
There is likely to be reference to voyeurism, particularly in the treatment of women, but also in terms of systems of looking e.g. screen within screen, binoculars, cameras etc
There are likely to be intertextual reference, either to other music videos or to films and TV texts

Lyrics
Lyrics tend to establish a general feeing, or mood, or sense of subject matter rather than offering a coherent meaning. Key lines may play a part in the visuals associated with the song but very rarely will a music video simply illustrate the lyrics wholesale.

An example of this:

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/VuNIsY6JdUw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>


Music
A music video tends to make use of the tempo of the track to drive the editing and may emphasise particular sounds from the track by foregrounding instruments such as guitar, keyboards or drum solo

Genre
Most music channels concentrate on particular music genres. If you watch these channels over a period of time, you will be able to identify a range of distinct features which characterise the videos of different genres. These features might be reflected in types of mise-en-scene, themes, performance, camera and editing styles.

Camerawork
As with any moving image text, how the camera is used and how images are sequenced has a significant impact on meaning. Camera movement, angle and shot distance all need to be analysed. Camera movement may accompany movement of performers but it many also be used to create a more dynamic feel to stage performance, for instance, by constantly circling the band as they perform on stage.

The close-up predominates partly because of the size of the screen and partly because of the desire to create a sense of intimacy for the viewer. A music video is essentially an advert for an artist, so the close-up shots allow audience recognition of the star.

Here's an example:

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/r_8ydghbGSg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>



Editing
Although the most common form of editing in music video is fast-cut montage, rendering many of the images impossible to grasp on first viewing, so ensuring multiple viewing, some videos use slow pace and gentler shot transitions to establish mood. Female solo artists with a broad appeal (Dido for example) often use this style of editing. Digital effects are also important. They might take the form of split-screens, colourisation and CGI special effects.

Intertextuality
If we see music videos as frequently drawing upon existing texts in order to spark recognition in the audience, this can be referred to as intertextuality. Not all audiences will spot the reference, but when they do they can gain pleasure from this recognition and may even feel flattered by this. Arguably it also increases the audience’s engagement with the product.

It is perhaps not surprising that many music videos draw upon cinema as a starting point, since their directors are often film school graduates intending to move into the film industry itself. Can you think of any examples?

TV is often referenced and sometimes spoofed. Particular genres can be parodied in music video.

Narrative and Performance
Narrative in songs and music videos is often incomplete and fragmentary. Often music videos will cut between performance and narrative. Occasionally choreographed dance might be part of the artists performance or an extra aspect to the video. Sometime the artist will part of the story, acting as narrator and participant at the same time. But lip-sync close-up and the miming of playing instruments remains at the heart of music videos.

Here's an example:

<iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/bKDdT_nyP54" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>


In today's lesson we learnt about our first theorist. This will be useful in the exam, to use as back up, but also, the use of his theory will be applied and thought of when creating our own music video.

Tuesday, 10 September 2013

The purpose of music videos


  • Promotional tool
  • Sell an image
  • Promoting an artist
  • Extension on income
  • Extension of outlet
  • Active audience – word of mouth
  • Synergy 

Today we learnt about the purpose of music videos. These are just some key bullet points.

Monday, 9 September 2013

Media language

Music video
Music Video is a short moving image text shot, to accompany the whole of a pre-existing music track, in order to encourage sales of the music in other formats.

Forms and conventions
Relationship between lyrics and visuals
Relationship between music and visuals
Particular music genres may have their own style and iconography
Lots of close ups or artist
Development of star iconography
Reference to voyeurism
Intertextual references

Genre
While some music videos transcend genre, others can be more easily categorised
Difference genres identify a range of distinct features
Each genre has typical mise-en-scene, camerawork, performance and editing styles


Camerawork
Significant impact on meaning
Movement, angle and shot distance should all be analysed
Camera movement may accompany movement of performers or stage performance
Close up dominates because of the size of the screen and desire to create sense of intimacy
Lighting to focus on the artists face

Editing
Mostly fast-cut montage
Images difficult to grasp on first viewing
Some videos slower pace and gentler shot transitions to establish mood
Digital effects like split screen, CGI

Intertexuality
Drawing upon existing texts in order to spark recognition in the audience
Not all audiences will spot the reference
Some draw upon cinema, TV genre, other music videos, video games…

Narrative & performance
Narrative is often fragmentary
Suggest storylines
Non-linear order
Leaving viewer with desire to see them again
Role-play presents artist is a number of ways

Mise-en-scene
The arrangement of scenery, use of props, costumes. 
Settings and surroundings of an event.


These are some notes on the key media terms, specifically in music videos. We covered these in our second lesson.

Friday, 6 September 2013

Music genres

Here are the notes from our discussion in class today about different music genres. This was our first lesson.


Hip-hop
Rock
Dance
Car
Instruments – guitars, drum kits
Bikes
Tracksuits
Bandages
Caps/hats/snapbacks
Boxing ring
Sweat
T-shirts, jeans, hoodies
Dancers
Long hair
Party life
Music studio
Tight trousers (jeans)
Having fun
Clubs in the city
Low key lighting/dark
Carelessness
Dancers
Tattooed
Story base
Chains/ gold expensive looking
Vest tops
Strength, exercise, fitness
Baggy clothing
Big/heavy silver jewellery/ arm bands
Hedonistic
Fast pace editing
Eye make up
High key lighting, bright
Night life
Head covers
Smoking, cigarettes
Hedonistic
Use of dark colours
Adventure/travelling
Expensive life
Use of drugs/cigarettes
Romance/love
Boastful
Big/heavy foot wear
Struggle with money
Tight revealing clothing
Leather
Relevant to people
Women as props (objectification of women)
Piercings
Handheld camera movement
Surrounded by people
Sunglasses
Artist absent
Centre of attention
Aggressive

Expensive alcohol
Quick, sharp camera movement

Grills
Chiaroscuro lighting

Use of bright colours
Studio or concert base

High key lighting
Isolation

Glamour/ vip